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Best Practices

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Best Practices of Instructional Websites


The advent of online learning created one of the fastest growing trends in education.  The United States Department of Education (2008) determined 37% of public school districts and 10% of all schools nationwide had students “enrolled in technology-based education courses” (National Center for Education Statistics, 2008, para. 3).  In higher education numbers are higher and continue to grow. The ninth annual report on the state of online learning in U.S. 2001, higher education reveals “over 6.1 million students were taking at least one online course during the fall 2010 term; an increase of 560,000 students over the number reported the previous year” (Allen & Seaman, 2011, p.4). As online courses continue to explode at all academic levels, it is important for educators to design instructional websites to encourage active participation in the learning process. The best online courses are designed to engage students and support active learning. New technologies and user-friendly programs set the stage for an exciting learning experience.  

 

As education is changing, so is the role of the educator. The teacher in the online environment becomes the course facilitator. This nomenclature better describes the teacher as a facilitator of learning who engages, guides, and supports student participants. Creative instructional design is key in successful instructional websites. As with any course, it is important for the course facilitator to perform a learner assessment. Determine the goals of instruction, student needs, and technology skills. This is important because it affects the degree to which students benefit from the use of instructional technology. A suggestion is to administer a brief survey in the first week of the course to identify student expectations and their comfort-level using technology. Recognize your own technology learning curve. Remember that you, too, will face new challenges as you adopt new instructional technologies. The first implementation of a new technology is bound to pose unexpected challenges so expect the unexpected.

 

The following best practice suggestions were created by a group of students in higher education taking a course in online applications:

 

Website Introduction

Organization and Structure

Instructional Design

Motivational Strategies and

Learner Engagement

Presentation: General website content, learner expectations, responsibilities, and how to be

successful in the course (assignments, grading

scales, rubrics, etc.),software requirements,

support services, contact information

Welcome Message: Welcome students to the

course and explain “how to get started” in

the website

Interactivity: Provide an opportunity for

participants to introduce themselves in order

to begin to develop a “community of learners”






Organization: Structure website in a logical

manner and make it easy to navigate

Connectivity: Ensure all links are active and

up-to-date

Presentation: Create web pages that are

consistent and visually attractive. Refrain

from using copyrighted materials illegally

Access: Assure all aspects of the web design

are accessible to participants with disabilities

Virtual Office: Include one discussion board

forum where participants can ask and answer

site-related questions. In addition, include a

line-list of frequently asked questions with

responses

Downloading Materials: Create website so

that web pages can be downloaded within

a reasonable period of time even without

high-speed internet connection

Learning Structure: Structure learning

activities to foster participant-website

author, participant-participant, and

participant content interactions. Create

opportunities for collaboration among participants
CAUTION: Students can easily become overwhelmed by online technologies.

Be sure to clearly explain how various

components of the course fit together.





Web Pages: Introduce each section or page with

a topic overview

Connections: Encourage participants to link what

they may already know with what they are going

to learn. Steps:

  • Acquire new knowledge
  • Integrate new knowledge with what they 

             already know

  • Infer, analyze, and evaluate knowledge
  • Demonstrate understanding of how what they have learned applies, integrates, relates, 

             or contrasts with prior knowledge


Learning Objectives: Post learning objectives

(Each learning objective should support the

overarching goal of the course, that it, the threat

that unites all topics covered and all skills

participants will master by the end of the course).

Learning objectives should be kept at no more than

half a dozen

Learning Alignments: Establish clear connections

between learning activities, objectives, and outcomes

Assessments: Create assessments that are linked to

learning objectives and expected outcomes.

Assessments should reveal the extent to which

students meet intended learning outcomes. If

using online quizzes or exams to assess learning,

design them so participants see one question at a time

Learning Reinforcement: Assessments, learning

objectives, and instructional strategies must be

closely aligned, reinforcing one another.

Extend participants’ learning with optional web

resources

Content: Clearly write and post content and lessons.

Be sure breadth of content covers all of the content in

the website outline. Ensure content is addressed to

meet a variety of learning styles.

Assignments:  Consider posting a model assignment.

Post rubrics for explaining grading criteria.

Feedback: Gather feedback from course participants

on the website for improvement in the future

Create learning activities that:
Encourageinteraction between participants

and between participant and course facilitator.
Practice Examples: asynchronous discussion threading, live chats)

Promote active learning by motivating

participation and interaction among class members.
Practice Examples: Web Quest research

activities, cooperative learning assignments)

Spark interest and motivation in learning.
Practice Example: Affective Response Assignments, journaling)

Assist participants to meet intended learning outcomes
Practice Examples: critical thinking motivators, Socratic response activities)

Encourage participants to reflect on assigned reading.
Practice Examples: Interactive e-flashcards, online quizzes

Inspire application of learned concepts through real-life perspectives.
Practice Examples: Case studies,

current news articles

 


References

Allen, E. & Seaman, J. (Nov. 2011). Going the distance: Online education in the United States, 2011. Babson Survey Research Group and Quahog Research Group, LCC.

 

Carnegie Mellon University. (N.D.). Whys and hows of assessments. Eberly Center for Teaching Excellence. Retrieved @ http://www.cmu.edu/teaching/assessment/basics/alignment.html

 

Doughtery, D. (May, 2010). What would technology do best for learning? O’Reilly Radar. Retrieved @ http://radar.oreilly.com/2010/05/what-would-technology-do-for-l.html

 

Jackson, L. (n.d.) Tips for creating your own webquests. Educational World. Retrieved @ http://www.educationworld.com/a_tech/techtorial/techtorial041.pdf

 

Las Positas College. (n.d.). Best practices in designing online courses. Online Course Development Program. Retrieved @ http://lpc1.clpccd.cc.ca.us/lpc/blackboard/best_practices/

 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology.  (n.d.) Teaching materials.  Teaching and Learning Laboratory. Retrieved @ http://web.mit.edu/tll/teaching-materials/learning-objectives/index-learning-objectives.html

               

National Center for Educational Statistics. (2008). Fast facts: Distance learning. Retrieved @ http://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=79

 

Paulson, D.R. & Faust, J.L. (n.d.). Promoting active learning: Background and definitions. Los Angeles Collaborative for Teacher Excellence. Retrieved @ http://www.calstatela.edu/dept/chem/chem2/Active/main.htm

 

Quality Matters. (2011). Quality matters rubric standards 2011 – 2013 edition with assigned point values. MarylandOnline. Retrieved @ https://www.qmprogram.org/files/QM_Standards_2011-2013.pdf

 

University of Texas at Austin. (2007). Best practices for using instructional technology. Instructional Assessment Resources. Retrieved @ http://www.utexas.edu/academic/ctl/assessment/iar/tech/plan/why/bestpractices.php

 

University of Washington. (2002). Best practices for faculty using instructional technology. SON Development and Research. Retrieved @ http://www.son.washington.edu/dl/tech_survey/default.asp

Comments (27)

Barbara Larson said

at 6:37 am on Jun 15, 2012

I am signing up forthe Best Practices section, I was unable to enter my name in the table. Jeremy, I look forward to working with you.

JBurnison said

at 7:12 am on Jun 15, 2012

I put your name in the table so others don't take your spot, although I'm not against someone else working with us if they wish.

JBurnison said

at 7:52 am on Jun 15, 2012

Here's a start from one website I've read. Feel free to reword, add, remove, do anything with the content you see fit. I'm sure there are other sections we can add. I will continue to research and see what else I can find on this subject and add more later.

jkotsch1@kent.edu said

at 8:45 am on Jun 16, 2012

Could I work with both of you on this section? There is one topic left and no one else signed up. I hesitate to take it because I feel "weak" regarding it. I am willing to do any aspect of this assignment. I feel I could get them most out of this particular topic and the manner in which I use the computer and Internet in my courses.

JBurnison said

at 8:03 pm on Jun 16, 2012

Feel free to work with us and add your ideas. I just started with a list of ideas that we will need to build upon, add an introduction, provide examples possible, etc. We welcome your ideas.

Megan Farver said

at 1:57 pm on Jun 16, 2012

Ours looks very similar to yours....uh oh!!

Barbara Larson said

at 1:59 pm on Jun 16, 2012

Best Practices of an Instructional Website
Determine student needs and technology skills. This step is important because it affects the degree to which students benefit from the use of instructional technology. Administering a brief survey in the first week of a course can help identify what students want from the course and how comfortable they feel using technology.
References:
Instructional Assessment Resources (IAR), (2011). Best practices for using instructional technology. The University of Texas at Austin.
Retrieved from: http://www.utexas.edu/academic/ctl/assessment/iar/tech/plan/why/bestpractices.php

Barbara Larson said

at 10:06 am on Jun 17, 2012

I moved the information up into the document. Let me know if it’s ok to enter the information in this manner or if you’d like it entered another way.
Thanks

JBurnison said

at 12:44 pm on Jun 17, 2012

Looks good. I just took the reference and placed it at the bottom with my source and placed your information into the bullets. Good info. We need to continue to add specifics and reasons to each of our listed practices, along with some examples. Truly, I will probably bet back to this by Wed. or Thurs. as I have a project in another class along with all we're doing in this class to get finished this week. Thanks!

Barbara Larson said

at 6:12 am on Jun 19, 2012

Thanks for the direction on how to enter information.

Barbara Larson said

at 6:23 pm on Jun 20, 2012

I added some information, feel free to change, move or delete any of the information if you don’t think it will work. I added a few detractions because I believe best practices detractions are also important.
Under the following;
Website Introduction
Recognize your own technology learning curve
Organization and Design
Detracting from student learning
Instructional Design
Provide a clear structure for learning

jkotsch1@kent.edu said

at 9:58 pm on Jun 21, 2012

Would it be OK to add something about quality instruction and course development in online education? Quality Matters has a rubric to evaluate online programs: https://www.qmprogram.org/files/QM_Standards_2011-2013.pdf

Another good source of information for quality online instruction is Sloan Consortium. Effecive practices in online education are sorted by "pillars" that are described on the site. Information is research-based and data-driven. http://sloanconsortium.org/effective

Is our page going to be an outline or will there be a narrative portion too?

***The courses I've been teaching ended today so I will have lots of time to devote to this project. I apologize for not being more interactive at the start.

Barbara Larson said

at 5:54 am on Jun 22, 2012

Yes, you can add information. The information on the sources looks interesting. I'm new to Wili's, so at this point I'm not sure how our page will be completed. Glad to have you in our group.

jkotsch1@kent.edu said

at 9:16 am on Jun 25, 2012

I saw a comment on the front page that all groups are supposed to develop learning objectives for their sections? Is this what you understand?

jkotsch1@kent.edu said

at 9:21 am on Jun 25, 2012

In think it is important to include detractions from learning but I think it would be better to include it as a stand-alone subject heading. Perhaps examples of how to prevent detractions would be good additions? I am willing to do this if you feel it would be helpful?

Barbara Larson said

at 12:52 pm on Jun 25, 2012

That would be great, thank you. Barb

JBurnison said

at 1:16 pm on Jun 27, 2012

I like that idea as well. We all know there will be occurrences that detract from learning, but it's good to have suggestions for overcoming these - also best practices.

I like the idea of having learning objectives, although, I see it as difficult for a list like we have going on. It's not like we are presenting a lesson through this wiki, but I suppose there are some objectives that would be relevant to this list.

jkotsch1@kent.edu said

at 10:02 pm on Jun 27, 2012

Working on "Distractions" and I'll start learning objectives.

Barbara Larson said

at 12:47 pm on Jul 1, 2012

I added to the Instruction Design section, connect to what participants may already know about the topic to what they are going to learn. Feel free to make any edits, or move the information if it fits better elsewhere. I added the website to the bottom of the page with the others.

Barbara Larson said

at 1:28 pm on Jul 1, 2012

I added to the Instruction Design section, structure learning activities to foster......... Feel free to make any edits, or move the information if it fits better elsewhere. I added the website to the bottom of the page with the others.

Barbara Larson said

at 6:33 pm on Jul 2, 2012

I added under the instructional design section. I added the web-sites to the bottom of the page. If you don't want the additional information, feel free to delete. I still don't have a handle on the Wiki and I'm not quite sure what to do with the information.

jkotsch1@kent.edu said

at 9:00 am on Jul 3, 2012

Hello Friends,

I am working on a narrative explanation of some of our points to make our page look more like the others. I am thinking about sending it to you as an attachment so that if you don't like it we can ditch it. ;)

JBurnison said

at 10:44 am on Jul 3, 2012

Janeen,
That sounds like a plan. I'm sure it will be fine and look forward to reading it. I will read & edit what we have and look for one or two more sources to add more info. as well. I have 2 small assignments I have to finish first for my other class and then I'll get on this. Thanks!

Barbara Larson said

at 2:58 pm on Jul 3, 2012

Janeen,
Are you talking about the column on the right?

JBurnison said

at 5:18 pm on Jul 3, 2012

I adjusted the table a little to make it not so wide, however, it looked fine without the page history showing. Let me know if it still looks okay. Thanks!

shouse10 said

at 6:17 pm on Jul 3, 2012

Just a thought...could you cut the 2 right columns and put them below the 1st 2 columns? If it is too much of a hassle, no big deal. I just think that it would be better than have to scroll across the screen.

Barbara Larson said

at 6:51 pm on Jul 3, 2012

The site looks great, between the narrative and table made by Janeen and your adjustment to the table. I am not skilled at moving things around on the page, our classmates suggestion makes sense. But I feel the same way if it's a big deal, it's fine.

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